Saliva and dental caries new jersey medical school. The flow rate of the saliva was calculated by measuring the volume of saliva collected in the graduated sterile test tube and converted to flow rate per. The anatomy and physiology of salivary glands benefits of saliva is that it is easily available for noninvasive collection and analysis. Signs of oral dryness in relation to salivary flow rate, ph. Research article salivary flow rate, ph and buffering. Sep 25, 2015 studies conducted on outpatients and in the general population show that xerostomia affects about 1 in 4 people. The amount of foam present in the saliva did not interfere in the aspiration technique.
Differences in salivary flow rates between age groups were calculated for each salivary source and condition and reported as standardized mean differences smds, standard errors ses and 95% confidence intervals cis. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected through navazesh method and the salivary flow rate was measured mlmin. Uwsfr is the basal rate of saliva flow and its the greatest contributor to the total salivary abstract. Pdf effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines on. One hundred and forty patients 24 men and 116 women, mean age, 581 3 years with a chief complaint of xerostomia were. Salivary flow rate and xerostomia in patients with type i and ii. Comparative evaluation of effect of complete denture wears on. Reduced salivary secretion is the most important cause of true xerostomia. The normal stimulated salivary flow rate is said to be 3 7mlmin.
Heff and baum, 1984 have noted no effect of gender on salivary flow rate. Evaluation of submandibular salivary flow rate in different. Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate this more closely correlates with symptoms of hyposalivation than do stimulated flow rates. Determine salivary ph and flow rate fr in a sample of 164 patients. In 8 out of 14 strata mean flow rate was significantly higher in those with buffer ph 5. All statistical tests were twotailed and a pvalue of 0. Although immense research has been done on all variables affecting dental caries. Sialometry is simple and fundamental examination procedure for evaluating salivary function, and there are two different measurements methods, resting unstimu lated saliva flow rate rsf and whole stimulated saliva flow rate ssf.
Pdf early diagnosis of xerostomia is very important for oral health. Stimulated high flow rates drastically change percentage contributions from each gland, with the parotid contributing more than 50% of total salivary secretions. Salivary flow rate and salivary ph were measured, and the salivary buffer capacity was determined. Effect of three commercially available chewing gums on. Xerostomia is the subjective sensation of dry mouth, which is often but not always associated with hypofunction of the salivary glands. Original stimulated salivary flow rate and oral health status. In the unmedicated group, the mean salivary flow rate was high at 24 h after denture insertion when compared to before denture insertion p 0. Besides the reduction in salivary flow causing dry mouth, burning mouth and taste disturbance. Withinsubject variation and correlations across samples 49 5. Use various means of stimulation, such as 10% citric acid dropped onto the tongue, and collect parotid saliva using a carlsson. Effect of smoking on salivary flow rate original article.
The average volume of saliva secreted in 24 hr is 0. Same methodology was followed for other 2 consecutive days using group ii and iii chewing gums. Evaluation of salivary flow rate, ph, buffering capacity. To measure and compare the levels of salivary flow rate, ph, buffering capacity, total protein, malondialdehyde mda and total antioxidant capacity tac between caries active and caries free children and to study the correlation between the dmfsdfs score and above salivary parameters in caries active children. Oct 12, 2015 differences in salivary flow rates between age groups were calculated for each salivary source and condition and reported as standardized mean differences smds, standard errors ses and 95% confidence intervals cis. This study aimed to compare salivary flow rate, ph, and concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and siga of unstimulated whole saliva in pregnant and nonpregnant brazilians.
Flow rate was determined using the crt test ivoclarvivadent, schaan, liechtenstein and calculated as ml minute. Salivary glands secretion is mainly controlled by the autonomous nervous. Salivary variables like flow rate, buffering capacity and antimicrobial activity have been recognized as having the ability to reduce the incidence of dental caries. Effect of smoking on salivary flow rate introduction saliva, the fluid in the mouth, is a combined secretion of the three pairs of salivary glands. Salivary ph, buffering capacity, total protein, mda and tac were measured. From all the children, unstimulated, midmorning saliva samples were collected and salivary flow rate was calculated. Salivary flow is, however, a very individualized measurement and ideally should be recorded as a base reference after the age of 15. Analysis of salivary flow rates in young and older. Pdf salivary flow rates and salivary film thickness in. There was a reduction in the ph and buffering capacity in the study group with a mean ph and buffering capacity of 6. The salivary ph and flow rate of all the samples were measured before and after gum chewing. Measuring salivary flow jada american dental association. As the whole saliva flow rate will increase, the tonicity of the saliva will increase too. Estimation of salivary flow rate, ph, buffer capacity.
Comparative evaluation of effect of complete denture wears. Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76yearold medicated subjects than in the medicated 86yearold subjects p salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Summary the purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in salivary flow rates and dry mouth. Use of graduated syringes for measuring salivary flow rate. Studies on salivary variables and pregnancy in latin america are scarce. Pdf salivary flow rates and salivary film thickness in five. Nov 28, 2006 because there was a numerical trend of higher salivary flow rate in the nonpregnant group, we compared the pregnant and nonpregnant groups adjusting for salivary flow rate by using analysis of covariance for salivary ph, and concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and siga. They can be taken either as unstimulated or stimulated saliva and they are a complement to the clinical examination. Salivary flow rate and clinical characteristics of. In our study, salivary flow rate were higher in boys compared with girls. Hence, the aim of the present study was to know the efficacy of commercially available chewing gums sugar free and sugared on salivary flow rate sfr and ph in cariesactive and cariesfree.
Resting saliva can be collected by asking the patient to dribble into a measuring container for 35 minutes, and stimulated saliva can be collected by having the patient chew unflavoured wax or chewing gum base during collection for 35 minutes. Pdf salivary flow rate, ph and buffering capacity in. The term is derived from the greek words xeros meaning dry and stoma meaning mouth. The measured concentration of dheas pgml should then be multiplied by the flow rate mlmin to express. Measuring salivary flow rate with syringe 403 rates between 0. It can be used to monitor the presence and levels of hormones, drugs, antibodies, microorganisms and ions. A drug or substance that increases the rate of salivary flow is termed a sialogogue. Multinomial multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations of salivary flow rate with dental caries status and periodontal status at the individual level. The whole unstimulated saliva flow rate is approximately 0. Normal nonstimulated salivary flow rate ranges from 0. Similar to other biological fluids, salivary ionic concentra.
Salivary flow rate, buffer effect, and dental caries probably the most important cariespreventive functions of saliva are the flushing and neutralizing effects, commonly referred to as salivary clearance or oral clearance capacity lagerlof and oliveby, 1994. Salivary flow rate, ph, buffering capacity, total protein. Multinomial multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations of salivary flow rate with dental caries status and periodontal status at the individual level among 2,110 japanese adults with. Evaluation of submandibular salivary flow rate in different age groups c. Salivary flow rate and ph in patients with oral pathologies.
The purpose of this study was to determine the unstimulated whole salivary. Analysis of salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and. Results the mean stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate in the study group was 8. Clinical factors influencing the resting and stimulated. Association between salivary flow rate and the use of. Pdf salivary flow rate, ph, and concentrations of calcium. Saliva samples were cultivated on selective microbial agar for microorganism detection. Correlations of salivary viscosity and flow rate 49 5. Pdf the unstimulated salivary flow rate in a jordanian healthy. Salivary flow increases in response to both gustatory taste and mechanical chewing stimuli. The flow rate of unstimulated whole saliva, the volume of saliva in the mouth before vmax and after resid swallowing, and the surface area of the mouth were measured for determination of the. Salivary flow rate, ph, and concentrations of calcium.
Due to the influence of saliva flow rates on dheas levels, salimetrics advises measuring the amount of time needed to collect the desired volume, then using this information to determine the flow rate. Thus, flushing clearance and exposure of the soft and hard tissues and biological effects of. Much of the material in this chapter will be covered in more detail in later chapters. The methods described below are for simple clinical routine analysis for scientific purposes several other methods are. The aim of this study was to compare the flow rate of resting and stimulated saliva, buffering capacity, stress levels and cortisol levels of resting saliva from 30 patients with active caries and 30 caries free controls and to determine whether there is a. Saliva tests are used in order to measure the flow rate of saliva. To evaluate the effect of psychotropics on stimulated salivary flow rate ssfr, total proteins, urea and calcium concentration, alphaamylase activity, ph, saliva buffer capacity sbc, and the prevalence of xerostomia in psychotropic users and its. A separate analysis examining medication use was also conducted. Effect of diabetes, salivary flow rate, salivary ph on gingival and dental caries indices. Use of graduated syringes for measuring salivary flow rate scielo. Sample was composed by 22 pregnant and 22 nonpregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinics, sao lucas. Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76yearold medicated subjects than in the medicated 86yearold subjects p salivary flow rate was not entirely clear. Dysfunction of salivary glands is assessed by measuring salivary flow rate.
Adequate salivary flow is an important requisite in the maintenance of oral health. This chapter will provide an overview of the functions of saliva, the anatomy and. For stimulated salivary flow, paraffin and citric acid are mainly used, while nonstimulated salivary flow is obtained in the absence of any stimulus 10. The results were pooled using a random effects model. The effect of age, gender and salivary flow rate was not entirely clear. Salivary flow rate and clinical characteristics of patients. Salivary viscosity and flow rates of repeated samples study ii 48 5. Salivary flow rate, ph and buffering capacity in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment a prospective study article pdf available in indian journal of dental research 30. The mean levels of salivary flow rate, ph, buffering capacity were significantly decreased p rate saliva tests are used in order to measure the flow rate of saliva. Unstimulated salivary flow is measured by drooling method where the saliva is let to drip off from the mouth, or by asking the patient to spit into the measuring cup.
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